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sticky)","position-relative-absolute-fixed-sticky",{"id":563,"title":564,"slug":565,"order_index":216,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":69},118,"Z-index & Stacking Contexts","z-index-and-stacking-contexts",{"id":567,"title":568,"slug":569,"order_index":221,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":65},119,"Float & Clear (Legacy, and Why to Avoid It)","float-and-clear",{"id":571,"title":572,"slug":573,"order_index":226,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":69},120,"Centering Techniques","centering-techniques",{"id":575,"title":576,"slug":577,"order_index":231,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":77},121,"aspect-ratio & object-fit","aspect-ratio-and-object-fit",{"id":579,"title":580,"slug":581,"order_index":236,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":81},122,"Website Layout Basics","website-layout-basics",{"id":140,"name":583,"slug":584,"order_index":368,"topics":585},"The Modern CSS Toolkit","the-modern-css-toolkit",[586,590,594,598,602,606],{"id":587,"title":588,"slug":589,"order_index":241,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":81},129,"CSS Variables (Custom Properties)","css-variables-custom-properties",{"id":591,"title":592,"slug":593,"order_index":250,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":81},130,"Math Functions (calc, min, max, clamp)","math-functions-calc-min-max-clamp",{"id":595,"title":596,"slug":597,"order_index":255,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":77},131,"Native CSS Nesting","native-css-nesting",{"id":599,"title":600,"slug":601,"order_index":264,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":77},132,"Cascade Layers (@layer)","cascade-layers-at-layer",{"id":603,"title":604,"slug":605,"order_index":269,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":85},133,"Dark Mode (prefers-color-scheme, light-dark())","dark-mode-prefers-color-scheme-light-dark",{"id":607,"title":608,"slug":609,"order_index":274,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":81},134,"CSS Reset & Normalize","css-reset-and-normalize",{"id":145,"name":611,"slug":612,"order_index":368,"topics":613},"Responsive Design","responsive-design",[614,618,622,626,630,634],{"id":615,"title":616,"slug":617,"order_index":279,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":85},135,"Mobile-First & the Viewport","mobile-first-and-the-viewport",{"id":619,"title":620,"slug":621,"order_index":213,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":81},136,"Media Queries","media-queries",{"id":623,"title":624,"slug":625,"order_index":218,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":81},137,"Responsive Images & Video","responsive-images-and-video",{"id":627,"title":628,"slug":629,"order_index":223,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":85},138,"Fluid Typography with clamp()","fluid-typography-with-clamp",{"id":631,"title":632,"slug":633,"order_index":228,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":85},139,"Container Queries","container-queries",{"id":635,"title":636,"slug":637,"order_index":233,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":97},140,"Responsive Navigation Pattern","responsive-navigation-pattern",{"id":150,"name":639,"slug":640,"order_index":368,"topics":641},"Transitions & Animation","transitions-animation",[642,646,650,654,658,662,666],{"id":643,"title":644,"slug":645,"order_index":238,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":65},141,"CSS Transitions: Smooth State Changes with transition, @starting-style and allow-discrete","css-transitions",{"id":647,"title":648,"slug":649,"order_index":247,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":61},142,"CSS 2D Transforms: translate, rotate, scale, skew and transform-origin","css-2d-transforms",{"id":651,"title":652,"slug":653,"order_index":252,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":65},143,"CSS 3D Transforms: perspective, preserve-3d, rotateX\u002FY and backface-visibility","css-3d-transforms",{"id":655,"title":656,"slug":657,"order_index":261,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":65},144,"CSS Keyframe Animations: @keyframes, animation shorthand, fill-mode and @property","css-keyframe-animations",{"id":659,"title":660,"slug":661,"order_index":266,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":65},145,"CSS Scroll-Driven Animations: animation-timeline, scroll() and view()","css-scroll-driven-animations",{"id":663,"title":664,"slug":665,"order_index":271,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":65},146,"CSS View Transitions API: Progressive Enhancement for Page and State Animations","css-view-transitions",{"id":667,"title":668,"slug":669,"order_index":276,"cornerstone":52,"reading_time_minutes":69},147,"Motion Accessibility and Performance: prefers-reduced-motion, will-change and Smooth 60fps Animations","motion-accessibility-prefers-reduced-motion-performance",{"data":671},{"id":379,"title":380,"slug":381,"content":672,"course":673,"subcategory":674,"author":675,"reading_time_minutes":77,"cornerstone":52,"schema_type":681,"faq_json":5,"video_url":5,"canonical_url":682,"meta_title":683,"meta_description":684,"og_image":5,"toc_json":685,"code_examples":722,"quiz":5,"exercises":739,"published_at":5,"updated_at":747,"prev":748,"next":749},"\u003Ch2 id=\"what-is-a-navbar\">What is a navbar?\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>A \u003Cstrong>CSS navbar\u003C\u002Fstrong> is the main navigation area of a website. It holds the logo, links and sometimes actions like search or login. A \u003Cstrong>dropdown menu\u003C\u002Fstrong> reveals extra links when the user activates a parent item. Navigation is one of the most used UI components, so it must be fast, responsive and fully usable with keyboard and screen readers.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Focus keyword: \u003Cstrong>CSS navbar dropdown\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Related trending keywords: \u003Cem>responsive navbar CSS\u003C\u002Fem>, \u003Cem>sticky header\u003C\u002Fem>, \u003Cem>mobile hamburger menu\u003C\u002Fem>, \u003Cem>accessible dropdown menu\u003C\u002Fem>, \u003Cem>:focus-within\u003C\u002Fem>, \u003Cem>aria-expanded\u003C\u002Fem>, \u003Cem>details summary menu\u003C\u002Fem>, \u003Cem>Popover API menu\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2 id=\"semantic-html-for-navigation\">Semantic HTML for navigation\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Wrap primary navigation in \u003Ccode><nav aria-label='Main'>\u003C\u002Fcode>. If there are multiple navs on a page, give each a different label.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Use a list: \u003Ccode><ul><li><a href>\u003C\u002Fcode>. It gives screen reader users the item count.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Mark the current page with \u003Ccode>aria-current='page'\u003C\u002Fcode> and style it with \u003Ccode>[aria-current='page']\u003C\u002Fcode>.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Provide a skip link (\u003Ccode>Skip to main content\u003C\u002Fcode>) as the first focusable element.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Ch2 id=\"building-the-layout\">Building the layout\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>Use flexbox: \u003Ccode>display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 16px;\u003C\u002Fcode> and push groups apart with \u003Ccode>margin-inline-start: auto\u003C\u002Fcode>. For a sticky header use \u003Ccode>position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 100;\u003C\u002Fcode> and a background color so content does not show through. Use \u003Ccode>scroll-padding-top\u003C\u002Fcode> on \u003Ccode>html\u003C\u002Fcode> so anchor links are not hidden behind it.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2 id=\"responsive-navigation\">Responsive navigation\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>On small screens, collapse links behind a menu button. The button must be a real \u003Ccode><button>\u003C\u002Fcode> with \u003Ccode>aria-expanded\u003C\u002Fcode> and \u003Ccode>aria-controls\u003C\u002Fcode>, and JavaScript toggles the state. Design mobile first: show the menu button by default and reveal the inline links with a \u003Ccode>min-width\u003C\u002Fcode> media query or container query.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2 id=\"dropdown-approaches\">Dropdown approaches\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>CSS-only with :hover and :focus-within\u003C\u002Fstrong>: quick, works for keyboard because \u003Ccode>:focus-within\u003C\u002Fcode> keeps it open while focus is inside. Weakness: hover-only menus are hard on touch devices and pointer users can lose the menu if there is a gap between the trigger and the panel.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Disclosure pattern (recommended)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: a \u003Ccode><button aria-expanded>\u003C\u002Fcode> toggles a list of links. Close on Escape and when focus or clicks move outside. This is simple and accessible.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>details and summary\u003C\u002Fstrong>: built-in toggle behavior with no JavaScript. Style the marker and position the panel absolutely.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Popover API\u003C\u002Fstrong>: use \u003Ccode>popover\u003C\u002Fcode> and \u003Ccode>popovertarget\u003C\u002Fcode> for a top-layer panel with light dismiss. Pair with anchor positioning as progressive enhancement.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp>Avoid \u003Ccode>role='menu'\u003C\u002Fcode> for site navigation. That role expects application-style arrow key behavior and often makes website navigation worse. A list of links inside a disclosure is usually the right choice.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2 id=\"positioning-the-dropdown-panel\">Positioning the dropdown panel\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>Make the parent \u003Ccode>position: relative\u003C\u002Fcode> and the panel \u003Ccode>position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 0; min-width: 200px\u003C\u002Fcode>. Add \u003Ccode>z-index\u003C\u002Fcode>, a shadow and rounded corners. Use a small \u003Ccode>padding-top\u003C\u002Fcode> or a pseudo-element bridge so the pointer does not cross a dead gap.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2 id=\"keyboard-and-focus-checklist\">Keyboard and focus checklist\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Tab moves through links and the dropdown button in a logical order.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Enter and Space activate the button.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Escape closes the dropdown and returns focus to the button.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Focus is always visible with \u003Ccode>:focus-visible\u003C\u002Fcode>.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Hidden panels must not be focusable: use \u003Ccode>hidden\u003C\u002Fcode>, \u003Ccode>display: none\u003C\u002Fcode> or \u003Ccode>visibility: hidden\u003C\u002Fcode>.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Ch2 id=\"performance-and-motion\">Performance and motion\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>Animate opacity and transform, not height or top. Use \u003Ccode>@starting-style\u003C\u002Fcode> with \u003Ccode>transition-behavior: allow-discrete\u003C\u002Fcode> for entry and exit animation of \u003Ccode>display\u003C\u002Fcode>. Respect \u003Ccode>prefers-reduced-motion\u003C\u002Fcode>.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2 id=\"quick-summary\">Quick summary\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>Use semantic \u003Ccode>nav\u003C\u002Fcode> and lists, a flex layout, a mobile menu button with \u003Ccode>aria-expanded\u003C\u002Fcode> and a disclosure dropdown that supports keyboard and outside click. That produces a reliable \u003Cstrong>CSS navbar dropdown\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cdiv class=\"try-it-yourself language-html\">\u003Cpre>\u003Ccode><style>\n  * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n  body { margin: 0; font-family: system-ui, sans-serif; }\n  .nav { position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 10; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; padding: 0 20px; height: 60px; background: #0f172a; color: #fff; }\n  .logo { font-weight: 800; font-size: 20px; color: #fff; text-decoration: none; }\n  .nav ul { display: flex; gap: 6px; list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n  .nav a { color: #cbd5e1; text-decoration: none; padding: 8px 12px; border-radius: 8px; }\n  .nav a:hover { background: #1e293b; color: #fff; }\n  .nav a[aria-current='page'] { background: #4f46e5; color: #fff; }\n  .nav a:focus-visible { outline: 3px solid #f59e0b; outline-offset: 2px; }\n  .cta { margin-inline-start: auto; background: #10b981; color: #fff !important; font-weight: 600; }\n  main { height: 160vh; padding: 20px; }\n<\u002Fstyle>\n<nav class='nav' aria-label='Main'>\n  <a class='logo' href='#'>Brand<\u002Fa>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href='#' aria-current='page'>Home<\u002Fa><\u002Fli>\n    <li><a href='#'>Courses<\u002Fa><\u002Fli>\n    <li><a href='#'>Blog<\u002Fa><\u002Fli>\n    <li><a href='#'>About<\u002Fa><\u002Fli>\n  <\u002Ful>\n  <a class='cta' href='#'>Sign up<\u002Fa>\n<\u002Fnav>\n<main>Scroll: the navbar stays at the top (position: sticky).<\u002Fmain>\u003C\u002Fcode>\u003C\u002Fpre>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv class=\"try-it-yourself language-html\">\u003Cpre>\u003Ccode><style>\n  body { margin: 0; font-family: system-ui, sans-serif; min-height: 260px; }\n  .bar { display: flex; gap: 12px; padding: 12px 20px; background: #1e293b; }\n  .dd { position: relative; }\n  .dd > a { display: block; padding: 10px 14px; color: #fff; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 8px; }\n  .dd > a:hover { background: #334155; }\n  .panel { position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 0; min-width: 200px; padding: 8px; margin: 0; list-style: none; background: #fff; border-radius: 12px; box-shadow: 0 12px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.25); opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; transform: translateY(8px); transition: opacity .2s, transform .2s, visibility .2s; }\n  .dd:hover .panel, .dd:focus-within .panel { opacity: 1; visibility: visible; transform: none; }\n  .panel a { display: block; padding: 10px 12px; color: #0f172a; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 8px; }\n  .panel a:hover, .panel a:focus-visible { background: #eef2ff; outline: none; }\n  @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { .panel { transition: none; transform: none; } }\n<\u002Fstyle>\n<div class='bar'>\n  <div class='dd'>\n    <a href='#'>Products<\u002Fa>\n    <ul class='panel'>\n      <li><a href='#'>Analytics<\u002Fa><\u002Fli>\n      <li><a href='#'>Automation<\u002Fa><\u002Fli>\n      <li><a href='#'>Security<\u002Fa><\u002Fli>\n    <\u002Ful>\n  <\u002Fdiv>\n  <div class='dd'><a href='#'>Company<\u002Fa><\u002Fdiv>\n<\u002Fdiv>\n<p style='padding:20px'>Hover, or Tab into the menu. :focus-within keeps it open for keyboard users.<\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fcode>\u003C\u002Fpre>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv class=\"try-it-yourself language-html\">\u003Cpre>\u003Ccode><style>\n  body { margin: 0; font-family: system-ui, sans-serif; min-height: 280px; }\n  .bar { display: flex; padding: 12px 20px; background: #0f172a; }\n  .dd { position: relative; }\n  .trigger { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; padding: 10px 14px; border: 0; border-radius: 8px; background: transparent; color: #fff; font: 600 15px system-ui; cursor: pointer; }\n  .trigger:hover, .trigger[aria-expanded='true'] { background: #1e293b; }\n  .trigger:focus-visible { outline: 3px solid #f59e0b; outline-offset: 2px; }\n  .trigger::after { content: ''; width: 8px; height: 8px; border-right: 2px solid currentColor; border-bottom: 2px solid currentColor; transform: rotate(45deg) translateY(-2px); transition: transform .2s; }\n  .trigger[aria-expanded='true']::after { transform: rotate(225deg); }\n  .menu { position: absolute; top: calc(100% + 6px); left: 0; min-width: 210px; margin: 0; padding: 8px; list-style: none; background: #fff; border-radius: 12px; box-shadow: 0 12px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.25); }\n  .menu[hidden] { display: none; }\n  .menu a { display: block; padding: 10px 12px; border-radius: 8px; color: #0f172a; text-decoration: none; }\n  .menu a:hover, .menu a:focus-visible { background: #eef2ff; outline: none; }\n<\u002Fstyle>\n<div class='bar'>\n  <div class='dd' id='dd'>\n    <button class='trigger' id='t' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='m'>Resources<\u002Fbutton>\n    <ul class='menu' id='m' hidden>\n      <li><a href='#'>Documentation<\u002Fa><\u002Fli>\n      <li><a href='#'>Tutorials<\u002Fa><\u002Fli>\n      <li><a href='#'>Community<\u002Fa><\u002Fli>\n    <\u002Ful>\n  <\u002Fdiv>\n<\u002Fdiv>\n<script>\n  var t = document.getElementById('t'), m = document.getElementById('m'), dd = document.getElementById('dd');\n  function setOpen(open) { t.setAttribute('aria-expanded', String(open)); m.hidden = !open; }\n  t.addEventListener('click', function () { setOpen(t.getAttribute('aria-expanded') !== 'true'); });\n  document.addEventListener('keydown', function (e) { if (e.key === 'Escape' && !m.hidden) { setOpen(false); t.focus(); } });\n  document.addEventListener('click', function (e) { if (!dd.contains(e.target)) setOpen(false); });\n  dd.addEventListener('focusout', function (e) { if (!dd.contains(e.relatedTarget)) setOpen(false); });\n<\u002Fscript>\u003C\u002Fcode>\u003C\u002Fpre>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv class=\"try-it-yourself language-html\">\u003Cpre>\u003Ccode><style>\n  * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n  body { margin: 0; font-family: system-ui, sans-serif; }\n  .nav { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; padding: 12px 16px; background: #0f172a; color: #fff; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n  .burger { padding: 10px 14px; border: 1px solid #475569; border-radius: 8px; background: transparent; color: #fff; font: 600 14px system-ui; cursor: pointer; }\n  .links { display: none; flex-direction: column; width: 100%; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0 0; padding: 0; }\n  .links.open { display: flex; }\n  .links a { display: block; padding: 12px; color: #e2e8f0; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 8px; }\n  .links a:hover { background: #1e293b; }\n  @media (min-width: 640px) {\n    .burger { display: none; }\n    .links { display: flex; flex-direction: row; width: auto; margin: 0; }\n  }\n<\u002Fstyle>\n<nav class='nav' aria-label='Main'>\n  <strong>Brand<\u002Fstrong>\n  <button class='burger' id='b' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='l'>Menu<\u002Fbutton>\n  <ul class='links' id='l'>\n    <li><a href='#'>Home<\u002Fa><\u002Fli><li><a href='#'>Courses<\u002Fa><\u002Fli><li><a href='#'>Contact<\u002Fa><\u002Fli>\n  <\u002Ful>\n<\u002Fnav>\n<p style='padding:16px'>Make the preview narrow to see the mobile menu button.<\u002Fp>\n<script>\n  var b = document.getElementById('b'), l = document.getElementById('l');\n  b.addEventListener('click', function () {\n    var open = l.classList.toggle('open');\n    b.setAttribute('aria-expanded', String(open));\n  });\n<\u002Fscript>\u003C\u002Fcode>\u003C\u002Fpre>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv class=\"try-it-yourself language-html\">\u003Cpre>\u003Ccode><style>\n  body { margin: 0; font-family: system-ui, sans-serif; min-height: 240px; }\n  .bar { padding: 12px 20px; background: #1e293b; }\n  details { position: relative; display: inline-block; }\n  summary { list-style: none; cursor: pointer; padding: 10px 14px; border-radius: 8px; color: #fff; font-weight: 600; }\n  summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }\n  summary:hover, details[open] summary { background: #334155; }\n  summary:focus-visible { outline: 3px solid #f59e0b; outline-offset: 2px; }\n  .list { position: absolute; top: calc(100% + 6px); left: 0; min-width: 200px; background: #fff; border-radius: 12px; padding: 8px; box-shadow: 0 12px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.25); }\n  .list a { display: block; padding: 10px 12px; color: #0f172a; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 8px; }\n  .list a:hover { background: #eef2ff; }\n<\u002Fstyle>\n<div class='bar'>\n  <details>\n    <summary>Account<\u002Fsummary>\n    <div class='list'>\n      <a href='#'>Profile<\u002Fa><a href='#'>Settings<\u002Fa><a href='#'>Sign out<\u002Fa>\n    <\u002Fdiv>\n  <\u002Fdetails>\n<\u002Fdiv>\n<p style='padding:20px'>details and summary give you a dropdown with no JavaScript.<\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fcode>\u003C\u002Fpre>\u003C\u002Fdiv>",{"name":9,"slug":10},{"name":366,"slug":367},{"slug":676,"display_name":677,"job_title":5,"short_bio":5,"expertise_tags":678,"headshot":5,"long_bio":5,"credentials":5,"twitter_url":5,"linkedin_url":5,"github_url":5,"personal_website_url":5,"other_sameas_urls":5,"topics":679,"posts":680},"badar-khalil","Badar Khalil",[],[],[],"Article","https:\u002F\u002Fwpfsharp.com\u002Ftopics\u002Fcss-navbar-dropdowns","CSS Navbar & Dropdown Menus: Responsive and Accessible","Create a responsive CSS navbar and accessible dropdown menu: sticky nav, mobile toggle, focus-within, aria-expanded, details and keyboard support.",[686,690,694,698,702,706,710,714,718],{"id":687,"text":688,"level":12,"children":689},"what-is-a-navbar","What is a navbar?",[],{"id":691,"text":692,"level":12,"children":693},"semantic-html-for-navigation","Semantic HTML for navigation",[],{"id":695,"text":696,"level":12,"children":697},"building-the-layout","Building the layout",[],{"id":699,"text":700,"level":12,"children":701},"responsive-navigation","Responsive navigation",[],{"id":703,"text":704,"level":12,"children":705},"dropdown-approaches","Dropdown approaches",[],{"id":707,"text":708,"level":12,"children":709},"positioning-the-dropdown-panel","Positioning the dropdown panel",[],{"id":711,"text":712,"level":12,"children":713},"keyboard-and-focus-checklist","Keyboard and focus checklist",[],{"id":715,"text":716,"level":12,"children":717},"performance-and-motion","Performance and motion",[],{"id":719,"text":720,"level":12,"children":721},"quick-summary","Quick summary",[],[723,727,730,733,736],{"id":724,"language":16,"code":725,"is_editable":726},614,"\u003Cstyle>\n  * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n  body { margin: 0; font-family: system-ui, sans-serif; }\n  .nav { position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 10; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; padding: 0 20px; height: 60px; background: #0f172a; color: #fff; }\n  .logo { font-weight: 800; font-size: 20px; color: #fff; text-decoration: none; }\n  .nav ul { display: flex; gap: 6px; list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n  .nav a { color: #cbd5e1; text-decoration: none; padding: 8px 12px; border-radius: 8px; }\n  .nav a:hover { background: #1e293b; color: #fff; }\n  .nav a[aria-current='page'] { background: #4f46e5; color: #fff; }\n  .nav a:focus-visible { outline: 3px solid #f59e0b; outline-offset: 2px; }\n  .cta { margin-inline-start: auto; background: #10b981; color: #fff !important; font-weight: 600; }\n  main { height: 160vh; padding: 20px; }\n\u003C\u002Fstyle>\n\u003Cnav class='nav' aria-label='Main'>\n  \u003Ca class='logo' href='#'>Brand\u003C\u002Fa>\n  \u003Cul>\n    \u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#' aria-current='page'>Home\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\n    \u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>Courses\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\n    \u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>Blog\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\n    \u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>About\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\n  \u003C\u002Ful>\n  \u003Ca class='cta' href='#'>Sign up\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003C\u002Fnav>\n\u003Cmain>Scroll: the navbar stays at the top (position: sticky).\u003C\u002Fmain>",true,{"id":728,"language":16,"code":729,"is_editable":726},615,"\u003Cstyle>\n  body { margin: 0; font-family: system-ui, sans-serif; min-height: 260px; }\n  .bar { display: flex; gap: 12px; padding: 12px 20px; background: #1e293b; }\n  .dd { position: relative; }\n  .dd > a { display: block; padding: 10px 14px; color: #fff; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 8px; }\n  .dd > a:hover { background: #334155; }\n  .panel { position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 0; min-width: 200px; padding: 8px; margin: 0; list-style: none; background: #fff; border-radius: 12px; box-shadow: 0 12px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.25); opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; transform: translateY(8px); transition: opacity .2s, transform .2s, visibility .2s; }\n  .dd:hover .panel, .dd:focus-within .panel { opacity: 1; visibility: visible; transform: none; }\n  .panel a { display: block; padding: 10px 12px; color: #0f172a; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 8px; }\n  .panel a:hover, .panel a:focus-visible { background: #eef2ff; outline: none; }\n  @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { .panel { transition: none; transform: none; } }\n\u003C\u002Fstyle>\n\u003Cdiv class='bar'>\n  \u003Cdiv class='dd'>\n    \u003Ca href='#'>Products\u003C\u002Fa>\n    \u003Cul class='panel'>\n      \u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>Analytics\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\n      \u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>Automation\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\n      \u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>Security\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\n    \u003C\u002Ful>\n  \u003C\u002Fdiv>\n  \u003Cdiv class='dd'>\u003Ca href='#'>Company\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp style='padding:20px'>Hover, or Tab into the menu. :focus-within keeps it open for keyboard users.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":731,"language":16,"code":732,"is_editable":726},616,"\u003Cstyle>\n  body { margin: 0; font-family: system-ui, sans-serif; min-height: 280px; }\n  .bar { display: flex; padding: 12px 20px; background: #0f172a; }\n  .dd { position: relative; }\n  .trigger { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; padding: 10px 14px; border: 0; border-radius: 8px; background: transparent; color: #fff; font: 600 15px system-ui; cursor: pointer; }\n  .trigger:hover, .trigger[aria-expanded='true'] { background: #1e293b; }\n  .trigger:focus-visible { outline: 3px solid #f59e0b; outline-offset: 2px; }\n  .trigger::after { content: ''; width: 8px; height: 8px; border-right: 2px solid currentColor; border-bottom: 2px solid currentColor; transform: rotate(45deg) translateY(-2px); transition: transform .2s; }\n  .trigger[aria-expanded='true']::after { transform: rotate(225deg); }\n  .menu { position: absolute; top: calc(100% + 6px); left: 0; min-width: 210px; margin: 0; padding: 8px; list-style: none; background: #fff; border-radius: 12px; box-shadow: 0 12px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.25); }\n  .menu[hidden] { display: none; }\n  .menu a { display: block; padding: 10px 12px; border-radius: 8px; color: #0f172a; text-decoration: none; }\n  .menu a:hover, .menu a:focus-visible { background: #eef2ff; outline: none; }\n\u003C\u002Fstyle>\n\u003Cdiv class='bar'>\n  \u003Cdiv class='dd' id='dd'>\n    \u003Cbutton class='trigger' id='t' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='m'>Resources\u003C\u002Fbutton>\n    \u003Cul class='menu' id='m' hidden>\n      \u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>Documentation\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\n      \u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>Tutorials\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\n      \u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>Community\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\n    \u003C\u002Ful>\n  \u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cscript>\n  var t = document.getElementById('t'), m = document.getElementById('m'), dd = document.getElementById('dd');\n  function setOpen(open) { t.setAttribute('aria-expanded', String(open)); m.hidden = !open; }\n  t.addEventListener('click', function () { setOpen(t.getAttribute('aria-expanded') !== 'true'); });\n  document.addEventListener('keydown', function (e) { if (e.key === 'Escape' && !m.hidden) { setOpen(false); t.focus(); } });\n  document.addEventListener('click', function (e) { if (!dd.contains(e.target)) setOpen(false); });\n  dd.addEventListener('focusout', function (e) { if (!dd.contains(e.relatedTarget)) setOpen(false); });\n\u003C\u002Fscript>",{"id":734,"language":16,"code":735,"is_editable":726},617,"\u003Cstyle>\n  * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n  body { margin: 0; font-family: system-ui, sans-serif; }\n  .nav { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; padding: 12px 16px; background: #0f172a; color: #fff; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n  .burger { padding: 10px 14px; border: 1px solid #475569; border-radius: 8px; background: transparent; color: #fff; font: 600 14px system-ui; cursor: pointer; }\n  .links { display: none; flex-direction: column; width: 100%; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0 0; padding: 0; }\n  .links.open { display: flex; }\n  .links a { display: block; padding: 12px; color: #e2e8f0; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 8px; }\n  .links a:hover { background: #1e293b; }\n  @media (min-width: 640px) {\n    .burger { display: none; }\n    .links { display: flex; flex-direction: row; width: auto; margin: 0; }\n  }\n\u003C\u002Fstyle>\n\u003Cnav class='nav' aria-label='Main'>\n  \u003Cstrong>Brand\u003C\u002Fstrong>\n  \u003Cbutton class='burger' id='b' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='l'>Menu\u003C\u002Fbutton>\n  \u003Cul class='links' id='l'>\n    \u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>Home\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>Courses\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>Contact\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\n  \u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003C\u002Fnav>\n\u003Cp style='padding:16px'>Make the preview narrow to see the mobile menu button.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cscript>\n  var b = document.getElementById('b'), l = document.getElementById('l');\n  b.addEventListener('click', function () {\n    var open = l.classList.toggle('open');\n    b.setAttribute('aria-expanded', String(open));\n  });\n\u003C\u002Fscript>",{"id":737,"language":16,"code":738,"is_editable":726},618,"\u003Cstyle>\n  body { margin: 0; font-family: system-ui, sans-serif; min-height: 240px; }\n  .bar { padding: 12px 20px; background: #1e293b; }\n  details { position: relative; display: inline-block; }\n  summary { list-style: none; cursor: pointer; padding: 10px 14px; border-radius: 8px; color: #fff; font-weight: 600; }\n  summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }\n  summary:hover, details[open] summary { background: #334155; }\n  summary:focus-visible { outline: 3px solid #f59e0b; outline-offset: 2px; }\n  .list { position: absolute; top: calc(100% + 6px); left: 0; min-width: 200px; background: #fff; border-radius: 12px; padding: 8px; box-shadow: 0 12px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.25); }\n  .list a { display: block; padding: 10px 12px; color: #0f172a; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 8px; }\n  .list a:hover { background: #eef2ff; }\n\u003C\u002Fstyle>\n\u003Cdiv class='bar'>\n  \u003Cdetails>\n    \u003Csummary>Account\u003C\u002Fsummary>\n    \u003Cdiv class='list'>\n      \u003Ca href='#'>Profile\u003C\u002Fa>\u003Ca href='#'>Settings\u003C\u002Fa>\u003Ca href='#'>Sign out\u003C\u002Fa>\n    \u003C\u002Fdiv>\n  \u003C\u002Fdetails>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp style='padding:20px'>details and summary give you a dropdown with no JavaScript.\u003C\u002Fp>",[740],{"id":741,"title":742,"slug":743,"prompt":744,"starter_code":745,"expected_output":746,"language":16,"order_index":23},214,"Add keyboard support to a dropdown","accessible-dropdown-keyboard","Complete the dropdown. The button must toggle aria-expanded and the hidden attribute of the list, close on Escape and return focus to the button, and close when the user clicks outside. The focus style must be visible.","\u003Cstyle>\n  .menu { list-style: none; padding: 8px; margin: 4px 0 0; background: #fff; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; border-radius: 8px; width: 180px; }\n  .menu[hidden] { display: none; }\n  \u002F* TODO: :focus-visible styles for button and links *\u002F\n\u003C\u002Fstyle>\n\u003Cdiv id='wrap'>\n  \u003Cbutton id='btn' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='list'>Options\u003C\u002Fbutton>\n  \u003Cul class='menu' id='list' hidden>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>Edit\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>Duplicate\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href='#'>Delete\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cscript>\n  \u002F\u002F TODO: toggle, Escape key, outside click\n\u003C\u002Fscript>","Clicking the button opens the list and updates aria-expanded. Escape or an outside click closes it and Escape returns focus to the button.","2026-09-30T18:59:00+00:00",{"id":375,"slug":377,"title":376},{"id":383,"slug":385,"title":384}]